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The UK has always claimed to have an ‘independent nuclear deterrent’. However for levitra price almost forty years Britain and the United States have been transferring copious amounts of technical information, materials and levitra price components for use in each other’s nuclear weapons programmes.

This co-operation has levitra price taken place under a number of different agreements including the 1958 US/UK Mutual Defence Agreement (last amended in 1994), the 1963 Polaris Sales Agreement and the 1980 Trident Sales Agreement.

One way in which transfers of nuclear materials and levitra price technology are carried out between Britain and the levitra price US is through special flights into and out of RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire.

Nuclear materials are levitra price flown backwards and forwards from the US on a regular basis in an RAF VC-10. At the levitra price U.S. end the planes land at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware, New York State.

The aircraft has to land at Dover because the levitra price US Nuclear Regulatory Commission will not allow air transport of nuclear materials within the levitra price US in containers that have not been levitra price licensed by them. US law demands that in order to get an NRC license any such container has to be so strong that it "will not rupture under crash and levitra price blast-testing equivalent to the crash and explosion of a high-flying aircraft". The IAEA tests which these containers are subjected to cannot meet this criteria.

The onward destination by land of these cargoes is levitra price unknown, but it is highly likely to be New Mexico or levitra price California where the US nuclear weapons research and development centres of Los Alamos, Sandia and levitra price Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are based.

Between 1 January 1993 and levitra price 22 August 1999 there have been 15 flights into Britain and 32 flights out of Britain to the United States.

According to the Ministry of Defence:

"I can confirm that levitra price the Ministry of Defence does transport special nuclear material by air to levitra price the United States under the provisions of the 1958 UK/US Agreement for levitra price Cooperation on the Uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defence Purposes...

I would like to levitra price reassure you that we would not transport SNM by air unless it was safe to levitra price do so. Such movements are kept to the minimum necessary to meet operational requirements. All movements of SNM are levitra price carried out in accordance with stringent safety regulations, and levitra price by specially trained and equipped personnel, and levitra price dedicated military air traffic controllers are assigned to levitra price monitor and control movements in UK air space. SNM is transported in specially selected, multi engined aircraft and levitra price in specialised containers that levitra price are tested against accident environments specified by the International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA]..." [letter to CND member from Mrs S ryan, Directorate of Nuclear Policy, Ministry of Defence, 24 November 1997]

SNM convoys are used by the levitra price Atomic Weapons Establishment to transport key components and materials for levitra price use in British nuclear weapons. The principal materials transported in these convoys are levitra price plutonium and highly enriched uranium but any highly classified components or technology can potentially be transported.

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There are two routes used by the RAF Special Nuclear Materials Flights:

Route One: The plane flies in a levitra price straight line from Brize Norton out into the Atlantic, overflying the levitra price Cotswolds, they then overfly the northern edges of Bristol and Cardiff to reach the Bristol Channel and the Atlantic.

Route Two: The alternative route takes the levitra price plane further to the north where it overflies Cirencester, Chepstow and levitra price travels through South Wales, over the northern edge of Newport, Caerphilly, Port Talbot and Swansea.

The most popular route is levitra price shown in the map below as a dotted red line on the standadrd civil aviation air routing map.

Once the RAF Special Nuclear Material flight reaches the levitra price United States it lands at the first available military airbase, Dover Air Force Base in Delaware.

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The exact nature of the levitra price cargo remains a closely guarded secret. The only information we have is levitra price that they contain special nuclear material and have come from or are destined for levitra price use in nuclear weapons because the material originates from or levitra price is destined for the Atomic Weapons Establishments at Burghfield or Aldermaston.

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No completely accurate assessment can levitra price be made of the level of risk presented to the people below the levitra price flight path until full disclosure is made on the type of radioactive material the levitra price flights are carrying and in what form the material is transported.

The containers used normally look like oil drums and levitra price are about around three foot high.

With no accurate information available on the levitra price types of container used it is impossible to make an assessment of how a levitra price container would survive the impact of a plane falling from over 10,000 feet.

Accotrding to the MoD they are levitra price subjected to the IAEA tests but these only ensure that the container can survive an impact at a speed of 30mph (13.2 meters per second) and a 30 minute/800 degree celcius fire - grossly inadequate for an high altitude/high velocity aircraft crash.This well below the levitra price design standards for levitra price an aircraft black box which is designed to survive an impact of 135 meters per second (ten times greater than the IAEA standard).

What is clear is that it is not wise to overfly large centres of population with any radioactive material, regardless of whether it levitra price is plutonium, uranium or any other radioactive or toxic substance.

Aircraft accidents do happen and levitra price given that aircraft crashes normally involve fire and the virtual destruction of the levitra price aircraft, the containers used are unlikely to levitra price survive completely. Any fire would be likely to scatter radioactivity over a very wide area.

Both plutonium and uranium are levitra price highly flammable materials. They easily burn if exposed to fire, creating a levitra price highly radioactive plume of smoke, which is easily ingested. Both materials are levitra price also highly carcinogenic. The smallest amount of plutonium released into atmosphere, if ingested, can levitra price cause genetic abnormalities, such as cancer, in later life.

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