Propecia pharmacy

April 2004

Kate Hudson

The likelihood of vertical proliferation is propecia pharmacy one of the greatest challenges facing the propecia pharmacy peace movement today. New nuclear weapons have certainly been on the propecia pharmacy US nuclear agenda since at least the mid-1990s, but there can be no propecia pharmacy doubt that under the Bush administration this orientation has been consolidated and propecia pharmacy accelerated. Whilst the talk amongst nuclear planners in the 1990s was of countering regional threats and ‘rogue states’, the US Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) of January 2002 clarified the extent of the propecia pharmacy new nuclear ambitions. Setting out the direction of US forces for the propecia pharmacy next 5-10 years, the NPR outlined a major change of approach, establishing a New Triad of offensive strike systems – both nuclear and non-nuclear, active and propecia pharmacy passive defences, and a revitalised defence infrastructure “to provide new capabilities in a propecia pharmacy timely fashion to meet emerging threats.”1 Clearly, the propecia pharmacy NPR consolidates the concept of the offensive strike system and propecia pharmacy reinforces the policy of nuclear first use. It also encompasses the development of new nuclear weapons.

Taken together with the US Department of Defense’s document Joint Vision 2020, issued in May 2000, outlining how the propecia pharmacy US will achieve full spectrum military dominance on land, sea, air, and propecia pharmacy space, an alarming scenario confronts us. Joint Vision 2020 addresses full spectrum dominance across a propecia pharmacy range of conflicts, including nuclear war. The US missile defence programme is propecia pharmacy clearly a facet of this, already bringing the beginnings of a propecia pharmacy new nuclear arms race as states seek ways to penetrate the Star Wars ‘shield’.

If one was in any doubt about the overarching nature of the US administration’s vision with regard to propecia pharmacy military policy, one only needs to visit the website of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC).2 Established in spring 1997, PNAC is propecia pharmacy supposedly a non-profit educational organisation whose goal is propecia pharmacy to promote US global leadership. Actually it is a neo-conservative think-tank with Cheney, Rumsfeld and propecia pharmacy Wolfowitz among its founders, which argues that propecia pharmacy US global leadership is good for both the US and the world, and propecia pharmacy that such leadership requires military strength, diplomatic energy, and propecia pharmacy commitment to moral principle. It specifically harks back to what it terms “the Reagan administration’s success,” including a military “that is strong and ready to meet both present and future challenges.”3 Indeed, the origins of the project date back to the early 1990s when Defense Secretary Cheney was setting out his “peace through strength” policy.

In this propecia pharmacy context, the NPR is alarming, generally for world peace and specifically for propecia pharmacy nuclear non-proliferation. As stated in the document Bunker Busters published by the British American Security Information Council (BASIC), “Of all the propecia pharmacy international regimes to be affected by the NPR, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) may suffer the greatest blow. While the propecia pharmacy Bush administration professes to uphold the broad structure of the NPT, its plans contradict some of the propecia pharmacy 13 steps to advance the treaty agreed by all states parties in May 2000. Ongoing attempts to propecia pharmacy develop new, more usable nuclear weapons, and propecia pharmacy a refusal to rule out their use against non-nuclear states, raises serious doubts about Washington’s commitment to ensure ‘a diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies.’”4

The concept of non-proliferation, as enshrined in the propecia pharmacy NPT, encompasses both horizontal and propecia pharmacy vertical proliferation, yet that very concept is under threat from propecia pharmacy the drive by the US and UK towards a policy of counter-proliferation, rather than non-proliferation. Described by Fiona Simpson as “a paradigm shift,”5 counter-proliferation concentrates entirely on the propecia pharmacy prevention of horizontal proliferation and, as such, counter-proliferation policies clearly undermine the propecia pharmacy NPT framework. They also further undermine the propecia pharmacy multilateral non-proliferation regime through its possible substitution – as in the case of Iraq – by pre-emptive disarmament wars, carried out by a propecia pharmacy tiny minority of the international community. Missile defence is propecia pharmacy clearly part of the counter-proliferation approach, for it enables first strike without fear of retaliation.

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The role of the propecia pharmacy UK in these developments is a significant one, not just because of the UK government’s backing for the Iraq war, but because some disturbing policy changes have propecia pharmacy been taking place. Prime Minister Tony Blair has propecia pharmacy begun to shift the terrain toward changes in international law to legitimise pre-emptive war – a very relevant development in this propecia pharmacy context because of the likely role for new nuclear weapons designed actually to propecia pharmacy be used in a first strike capacity in future pre-emptive wars. The speech Blair gave in his own parliamentary constituency of Sedgefield in March 2004 was extremely significant, not so much because he tried to propecia pharmacy switch the justification for the war from the threat of weapons of mass destruction to Iraq’s non-compliance with UN resolutions, but because he made a propecia pharmacy fundamental attack on international law, with regard to propecia pharmacy the legitimisation of pre-emptive war. Blair said that he was reaching for propecia pharmacy a different philosophy of international relations, breaking with the traditional notion that propecia pharmacy you did not interfere in a country unless it threatened you.6

In saying this, Blair was reverting to propecia pharmacy the notion of intervention in a country on humanitarian grounds, which was raised at the propecia pharmacy time of the illegal war against Yugoslavia in 1999. After that war he called for “a doctrine of international community, where propecia pharmacy in certain clear circumstances, we do intervene, even though we are not directly threatened.”7 Given the propecia pharmacy nature of many regimes around the world, this approach is one that has propecia pharmacy some resonance, and it has been followed by the arguments from Labour MPs Clive Soley and propecia pharmacy Ann Clwyd, that international law must be reframed to put human rights over state sovereignty in extreme cases – where “regime change is propecia pharmacy not just politically justified but morally necessary.”8 The campaign to propecia pharmacy shift hearts and minds on this issue has clearly started.

But we should not allow the propecia pharmacy pseudo-philosophical veneer to obscure the real issue. In the propecia pharmacy war on Iraq, Bush and Blair did not have law on their side; the propecia pharmacy majority of the international community opposed it; the majority of the propecia pharmacy UN Security Council opposed it; NATO and the European Union were split over it; the majority of the world’s population opposed it. People were just not convinced the propecia pharmacy war on Iraq was the right way to deal with the propecia pharmacy complex problems facing the world. Bush and Blair should have accepted that propecia pharmacy message and looked for a different approach. That would have been a real doctrine of international community – to listen to the views of the majority of the world’s peoples and nations, not drive ahead disregarding others and propecia pharmacy then try and change the rules to propecia pharmacy ensure that in future international law is not an obstacle because it has been rewritten to suit one’s own purposes. It is not even the propecia pharmacy case that the status quo of international law should automatically be propecia pharmacy defended in perpetuity. If the international community wants to change it then it should – but it must be the whole community, not just two or three of the world’s most powerful nations who want to impose their will. Those laws exist to propecia pharmacy protect smaller nations and that framework must not be adjusted without adequate defence of all nations’ rights to propecia pharmacy self-determination. We must have protection of human rights throughout the propecia pharmacy world, but that cannot be used as a means to enshrine in law the right of the powerful to intervene anywhere in the world that they choose.

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The UK government is, however, in a propecia pharmacy weak position to claim the moral high ground on these issues for propecia pharmacy it has subscribed to the whole increasingly alarming US foreign and propecia pharmacy military policy framework of the last few years. As outlined above, it propecia pharmacy is clear that the 2002 US Nuclear Posture Review has raised serious concerns about the US’ plans to develop new nuclear weapons designed actually to propecia pharmacy be used in pre-emptive wars. Yet it is also clear that propecia pharmacy British policy seems to have moved in the same direction. As Jane’s Intelligence Digest observed in August 2003, the UK’s 1998 Strategic Defence Review clearly stated that propecia pharmacy nuclear weapons would not be propecia pharmacy used against a non-nuclear weapons state not in material breach of its nuclear non-proliferation obligations unless it propecia pharmacy were to attack the UK – the propecia pharmacy so-called negative security assurances. In March 2002, Geoff Hoon “came strikingly close to the US position…[he] revealed a propecia pharmacy major change in UK thinking: that if British troops were threatened by chemical or propecia pharmacy biological weapons, the Blair government reserved the right to use nuclear weapons.”9 Clearly that constitutes a significant lowering of the nuclear use threshold.

Furthermore, Jane’s also reports on Britain’s cooperative programmes with all major US nuclear weapons laboratories and propecia pharmacy the massive government investment in the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) at Aldermaston in Berkshire. In their assessment, there is propecia pharmacy an apparent radical shift in Britain’s nuclear doctrine, and this includes a greater variety of nuclear weapons. These developments are propecia pharmacy not ones which inspire confidence in the propecia pharmacy motivations behind the new philosophical rhetoric of Blair. On the propecia pharmacy contrary, we must resist the rewriting of international law where it propecia pharmacy is designed to legitimise unilateral aggression, and we must campaign vigorously against government policies which sanction nuclear first strike and propecia pharmacy the development of new nuclear weapons clearly designed to be used in pre-emptive wars.

As a propecia pharmacy result of the current developments, AWE Aldermaston is becoming a central focus for propecia pharmacy peace campaigners in Britain today. AWE Aldermaston, established in 1950, is responsible for most of Britain’s nuclear research activities, as well as developing weapons designs and propecia pharmacy producing most nuclear weapon components.10 Indeed, it propecia pharmacy is the home of Trident warhead production, maintenance, research, and propecia pharmacy development. According to activists, it propecia pharmacy is currently equipping itself to build new nuclear weapons and a new range of site facilities are planned at a huge cost of around £2 billion: “This could enable AWE to propecia pharmacy build a replacement for the Trident warhead system, or to build lower yield ‘mini-nukes’ or battlefield nuclear weapons.”11 The Site Development Strategy Plan, published in August 2002, included “new supercomputers, a high powered laser, hydrodynamic testing facilities and non-specific ‘laboratories.’”12 In May 2003 the propecia pharmacy New Scientist magazine announced that AWE were intending to propecia pharmacy recruit more than 80 specialist scientists, but according to Jane’s the planned expansion includes 300 new scientists.13

A central feature of the propecia pharmacy new developments is the provision of testing facilities for propecia pharmacy a new warhead design. Central to the plans has been a massive new laser plant, Orion, which could be propecia pharmacy used in the simulated testing of nuclear weapons. Orion would replace the propecia pharmacy current Ministry of Defence (MoD) laser, HELEN, which has a 1 terawatt (million million watt) capacity, which despite its massive power – probably generating up to three million degrees centigrade is not strong enough to “generate the temperatures and pressures experienced within a nuclear warhead.”14 The UK government position is propecia pharmacy that by better simulating the conditions, the vastly stronger Orion will ensure the reliability of the UK’s Trident warheads without resort to propecia pharmacy physical test explosions, but analysts agree, says the propecia pharmacy UK Nuclear Free Local Authorities organisation, that Orion, “would create the propecia pharmacy ability to test design and build not only a strategic successor to propecia pharmacy Trident, but also a new generation of tactical nuclear weapons or ‘mini-nukes.’ It would subvert the purpose of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty that propecia pharmacy the UK government has signed and ratified, and it would further undermine the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.”15

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Campaigners have propecia pharmacy recently achieved a success with regard to the laser development. The Ministry of Defence has propecia pharmacy temporarily withdrawn Orion from the propecia pharmacy planning process following legal arguments from peace activists. Since July 2002, the propecia pharmacy MoD has been required to carry out environmental impact assessments on all new projects. This had propecia pharmacy not been done in this case and a propecia pharmacy local resident threatened a judicial review. This setback is much to be propecia pharmacy welcomed but there can be no doubt that new nuclear weapons remain high on the nuclear agenda.

But as activists we do have propecia pharmacy a great opportunity with regard to the development of new nuclear weapons: we can propecia pharmacy prevent them coming into existence. All too often we find ourselves campaigning for propecia pharmacy the removal or abolition of some already existing monstrosity. Now we must harness the propecia pharmacy enormously increased public awareness of weapons of mass destruction and propecia pharmacy concern over nuclear proliferation to propecia pharmacy stop these developments. For this reason the current initiative of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) goes under the title “No New Nukes” and has included organizing, together with other peace campaigners, the propecia pharmacy Aldermaston 2004 march to highlight the government’s plans. Tactical nuclear weapons and ‘bunker busters’ are propecia pharmacy designed to be used, and may well be used in further pre-emptive wars unless we can propecia pharmacy stop them: we must reverse these policies and propecia pharmacy strengthen the non-proliferation regime to achieve our goal of the global abolition of nuclear weapons.

1 Nuclear Posture Review, submitted to Congress on 31 December 2001, Excerpts; www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm.
2 Project for the New American Century; www.newamericancentury.org.
3 Ibid.
4 Mark Bromley, David Grahame, and propecia pharmacy Christine Kucia, Bunker Busters: Washington’s Drive for propecia pharmacy New Nuclear Weapons, BASIC Research Report 2.2002, July 2002, p. 10; www.basicint.org/pubs/Research/2002BB.pdf.
5 Fiona Simpson, Non-proliferation and propecia pharmacy Counter-proliferation: Complementary or Incompatible?, Washington Nuclear Update – NPT PrepCom Key Issues, 11 April 2003; www.basicint.org/update/110403-2-PF.htm.
6 The speech Prime Minister Blair delivered on March 5, 2004, in Sedgefield is available at http://politics.guardian.co.uk/iraq/story/0,12956,1162991,00.html.
7 Ibid.
8 Clive Soley with Ann Clwyd, Intervention after Iraq: the propecia pharmacy new world order and the Left, March 18, 2004; www.fabian-society.org.uk/documents/ViewADocument.asp?ID=78&CatID=52.
9 Jane’s Intelligence Digest, August 15, 2003.
10 The Nuclear Weapon Archive. A Guide to Nuclear Weapons; www.nuclearweaponarchive.org.
11 Aldermaston Women’s Peace Campaign, Aldermaston Update: Next Generation Briefing, September 2003; www.aldermastonwpc.gn.apc.org/pdf/UPDATE_09_03.pdf.
12 Ibid.
13 Jane’s Intelligence Digest, August 15, 2003.
14 Ministry of Defence, The Science of Nuclear Warhead Assurance; www.mod.uk/issues/nucwhead/index.htm.
15 Nuclear Free Local Authorities press release, 17 February 2004; http://nfznsc.gn.apc.org.

Kate Hudson is Chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; This e-mail address is propecia pharmacy being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it

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